SHR

The current worldwide obesity problem has gotten to the point that government bodies have considered, and in some cases implemented, taxes on “unhealthy” foods. Although unhealthy is defined differently for everyone, most can agree that sugar-sweetened beverages such as soda would fall under that category, and not without good reason. Certainly Kelly Brownell from the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Yale University would agree, as he was the first to propose that a penny-per-ounce excise tax could reduce consumption of sugared beverages by more than 10%.  This begs the question, what type of taxation would be most effective? There are essentially two types of taxes: inclusive and exclusive. The former means that the tax is included in the list price so that a $1.00 item with a 10% tax would show $1.10 on the price tag, while the latter is the standard sales tax whereby the tax amount is...

Nine weeks of dedicated for the elderly to see progress If you train long enough, your bound to build muscle eventually. Just how long was recently investigated by researchers from Brazil who recruited elderly men and women to undergo a 10-week resistance training (RT) program with workouts twice per week, no structured physical activity (control). Initially, the subjects warmed-up in a stationary bicycle for five minutes. Afterwards, subjects performed 4 sets x 10 repetitions with a 1-min rest interval between sets in a 45° leg press machine (G3-PL70 MATRIX, São Paulo, Brazil). In the first five weeks of training the exercise intensity was set at 70% 1-RM, based on the pre-test values; for the last five weeks, exercise intensity was increased to 80% of the re-tested 1-RM (assessed at the middle of the RT period). The range of motion at the knee joint during the leg-press was set to ~ 90°....

If there were ever a place Where fallacies abound The internet Is that playground A logical fallacy occurs when someone argues with flawed reasoning. On the surface the arguments appear sound and many fallacies are very subtle in their presentation. It is important to avoid them in our own arguments, and it is important to be able to spot them in others’ arguments so that we are not fooled by flawed logic. Fallacious reasoning keeps us from knowing the truth, and the inability to think critically makes us vulnerable to manipulation by those skilled in the art of rhetoric. Logical FallacyDefinitionExampleAd hominemAttacking the opponent directly rather than their premise. You are an idiot, therefore you are wrong. Note that a conclusion is being drawn from the statement “you are an idiot,” and simply saying “you are an idiot” without a conclusion is not an ad hominem, it is merely an insult....

The sad truth is that even our young – our children – can and do develop atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk may be related to the degree of overweight-obesity, and cross-sectional research has provided preliminary insights into the links between blood lipid concentrations, physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and adiposity. However, cross-sectional data is also intrinsically limited by the fact that it is a snapshot of a single point in time comparing multiple groups on whatever the variable of interest is. Conversely, longitudinal data is collected over a period of time from the same cohort of subjects so as to detect changes in variables of interest.

Have you ever wondered why we act aggressively? This type of behavior is generally defined as intentional infliction of damage or harm, and among our more “civilized” cultures of the modern world is also considered a serious problem. Yet, aggression played a central role in our evolution in the context of defending or obtaining resources, and virtually every other species does it. To better understand the basis for human aggression, Rosa Martins de Almeida and colleagues from Brazil synthesize the existing research on the topic and propose an integration of behavioral, hormonal, and neural routes through which aggression arises.

Aggression can take many forms, which has led to several classifications and dimensions. One example is the way in which it is expressed: directly and indirectly.While the first is characterized by physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm to someone, the second one is characterized by a behavior intended to harm social relations of an individual or a group. This classification has a strong sexual dimorphism, with males tending to be more direct, especially physically, and externalize their problems onto others, and females tending to be more indirect, especially verbally, and internalize their issues. Another classification system is based on the function of the aggression. Impulsive aggression is defined as a hostile act in response to stimuli perceived as threatening or frustrating, and instrumental aggression is a deliberately planned behavioral pattern to attain a goal.